Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
The promotion of pronatal values in a society has been historically influenced by multiple factors. Among the options provided, the following have had significant roles in promoting pronatal values:
a. Religion: Many religions have encouraged procreation and emphasized the importance of family and the bearing of children. Religious teachings often promote the value of marriage, family unity, and the continuation of generations.
b. Government: Governments have implemented policies and incentives to encourage population growth in certain circumstances. This can include pro-natal policies such as providing financial benefits, tax incentives, or family support programs to encourage couples to have more children.
d. Urbanization: While urbanization itself may not directly promote pronatal values, it can have an impact on societal norms and family structures. Urbanization can lead to changes in lifestyle, economic conditions, and social expectations, which can influence fertility rates and pronatal values.
c. Capitalism: Capitalism, as an economic system, is primarily concerned with market dynamics and profit-making. While it may not directly promote pronatal values, it can indirectly influence fertility rates and pronatal values through factors such as the cost of raising children, availability of childcare support, and overall economic conditions.
It's important to note that the promotion of pronatal values can vary across different societies, cultures, and time periods, and there may be other factors beyond the ones mentioned above that have influenced pronatal values in specific contexts.