Answer:
Explanation:
To convert a value to a z-score, you need to subtract the mean and divide by the standard deviation. Here is how to convert each value to a z-score:
a. x = 23: (23 - 25) / 3 = -0.67
b. x = 33: (33 - 25) / 3 = 2.33
c. x = 19: (19 - 25) / 3 = -1.67
d. x = 45: (45 - 25) / 3 = 6.67
Therefore, the z-scores are -0.67, 2.33, -1.67, and 6.67 for values a, b, c, and d respectively.