Nationalism failed to unify Russia and Austria-Hungary for several reasons:
1. Ethnic diversity: Both Russia and Austria-Hungary were multiethnic empires, with various ethnic groups living within their borders. Nationalism, which is the idea that each nation should have its own state, was a challenge in such diverse societies as it was difficult to define the boundaries of a nation and ensure that all ethnic groups were represented.
2. Suppression of minority groups: In both countries, the ruling elites often suppressed minority groups, which led to resentment and resistance. For example, in Russia, the Tsarist regime suppressed the aspirations of non-Russian groups such as Ukrainians, Poles, and Finns, who sought greater autonomy or independence. In Austria-Hungary, the Hungarian elites dominated the other ethnic groups, leading to tensions and conflicts.
3. Imperial ambitions: Both Russia and Austria-Hungary had imperial ambitions beyond their borders, which often clashed with the aspirations of nationalist movements within their empires. In Russia, the Tsarist regime sought to expand its influence in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, which often brought it into conflict with neighboring states, such as Poland and Finland. In Austria-Hungary, the ruling elites sought to maintain their control over the various ethnic groups within the empire, which often led to tensions and conflicts.
4. Lack of democratic institutions: Both Russia and Austria-Hungary lacked democratic institutions, which could have provided a forum for nationalist movements to express their aspirations and negotiate with the ruling elites. Instead, nationalist movements often resorted to violent means to achieve their goals, which further alienated the ruling elites and hindered the process of national unification.