Answer:
The mathematical problem that forms the basis of most modern cryptographic algorithms is the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers.
Explanation:
The problem that forms the basis of most modern cryptographic algorithms is the difficulty of factoring large integers into their prime factors. This is known as the integer factorization problem. It is believed to be a computationally hard problem, meaning that it would take an impractically long time to factor very large integers using classical computers. Many cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA, rely on this problem for their security.