Question

1. Criminal profiling has some differences to other forensic science methods. As you’ve seen, there are differing opinions about the use of scientific and non-scientific techniques in forensic science. Considering what you’ve learned, identify what is science, what clearly is not science, and what resembles science (but doesn’t meet the criteria for science). For each of these, make sure to give real world examples and explain why it is either a science, not science, or resembles science.

2. How do false confessions typically occur? What are the major problems these false confessions cause? What do you think could possibly be done to prevent false confessions? Provide at least two ideas, based on the information about the most likely groups of people to provide false confessions.
3. How did Ted Kaczynski’s manifesto lead to his arrest? What were some of the identifying details in the manifesto? Lastly, why do you think, in your opinion, Kaczynski mailed out this manifesto to begin with (aside from the provided reason). Do you think the provided reason was the whole reason, or not? Provide justifications for your response.
4. Imagine you are an investigator who has brought in a potential suspect in a murder investigation. The suspect is 30 years old, not under the influence of any intoxicants, and is of sound mind to be questioned. What steps would you take to ensure that your interrogation is fair, yet effective? Identify at least four steps and provide reasoning for each.
5. What are the differences between organized and disorganized crime? What do you think would be some of the challenges of investigating each type of crime? If you were a forensic investigator and were able to choose to focus on either organized or disorganized crimes, which would you choose, and why?

Answer 1

1. Science, not science, and resembles science:

Science: Criminal profiling, when conducted with a scientific method, can be considered a science. For example, using statistical analysis to identify patterns and trends in offender behavior can be considered a scientific method in profiling.

Not science: Some non-scientific methods used in forensic science, such as lie detectors and psychics, are not considered science. These methods lack empirical evidence and are not reliable or valid in their predictions.

Resembles science: Some forensic science methods, such as hair and fiber analysis, resemble science but don't meet the criteria for science. While these methods are based on scientific principles, they lack standardization and can be subjective.

2. False confessions typically occur due to a combination of factors such as coercion, pressure, and psychological manipulation. These false confessions can lead to major problems, such as wrongful convictions and the real perpetrator of the crime remaining at large. To prevent false confessions, two possible ideas include implementing mandatory recording of interrogations and providing access to legal representation during interrogations. Research has shown that certain groups, such as juveniles and those with intellectual disabilities, are more susceptible to false confessions due to their vulnerability and suggestibility.

3. Ted Kaczynski's manifesto, titled "Industrial Society and Its Future," led to his arrest because it contained identifying details that linked him to the Unabomber case. These details included Kaczynski's personal experiences and descriptions of the bombs he had constructed. Kaczynski mailed out this manifesto to various media outlets in an attempt to spread his anti-technology and anti-modernization message. However, some speculate that Kaczynski may have also mailed the manifesto as a way to communicate with the public and gain recognition for his beliefs and actions.

Step-by-step explanation:

Answer 2

1. Science, Not Science, and Resembles Science in Criminal Profiling:

- Science: The use of behavioral science to understand and predict criminal behavior, as well as the use of statistics and data analysis to develop profiles of offenders.

- Not Science: Techniques such as psychic readings or relying solely on personal experience and intuition to make judgments.

- Resembles Science: The use of subjective opinions and interpretations, as well as reliance on past cases to inform current profiles. For example, the profiling of the Unabomber, Ted Kaczynski, relied on past cases of similar offenders to develop a profile, but the profile was ultimately not accurate.

2. False Confessions:

False confessions can occur due to coercion or pressure from law enforcement, mental health issues, or a desire for attention or protection of others. False confessions can cause wrongful convictions, a lack of justice for the true perpetrator, and a loss of public trust in the justice system. To prevent false confessions, law enforcement can use recording equipment during interrogations and ensure that interrogations are conducted in a non-coercive manner. Additionally, providing suspects with legal representation and education about their rights can reduce the likelihood of false confessions.

3. Ted Kaczynski's Manifesto and Arrest:

Ted Kaczynski's manifesto, "Industrial Society and Its Future," contained details about his personal beliefs and criticisms of modern society. These details helped law enforcement identify him as the Unabomber, a serial bomber who targeted individuals associated with technology. The manifesto was sent to media outlets to gain attention for Kaczynski's ideas and potentially inspire others to join his cause. While this was the provided reason for the manifesto, it is possible that Kaczynski also wanted to boast about his crimes and create a public persona for himself.

4. Fair and Effective Interrogation:

To ensure a fair and effective interrogation, an investigator should:

- Inform the suspect of their rights, including the right to an attorney, and ensure that they understand these rights before questioning begins.

- Use non-coercive techniques and avoid physical or emotional abuse.

- Allow the suspect to provide their side of the story and answer questions without interruption or pressure.

- Use evidence-based questioning techniques, such as open-ended questions and active listening, to obtain information and avoid leading the suspect to provide false information.

5. Organized vs. Disorganized Crime:

Organized crime is characterized by structured and planned criminal activity, often involving multiple individuals and complex operations. Disorganized crime, on the other hand, is characterized by impulsive and unplanned behavior by a single individual. Investigating organized crime can be challenging due to the sophistication and secrecy of the criminal network, while investigating disorganized crime can be challenging due to the lack of a clear motive or pattern of behavior. If given a choice, an investigator may choose to focus on organized crime due to the potential for larger impact and more successful prosecutions, but may also find the challenge of investigating disorganized crime intriguing due to the need for creativity and critical thinking.