The correct answer is A. James Madison.
James Madison was an important figure in American history and played a significant role in the development of the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights. However, he was not directly associated with Enlightenment thought.
On the other hand, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Locke, and Thomas Paine were all prominent Enlightenment thinkers who made significant contributions to the movement. Franklin was known for his scientific experiments and inventions, Jefferson for his role in drafting the Declaration of Independence and advocating for individual rights, Locke for his influential writings on political philosophy, and Paine for his influential pamphlets advocating for American independence and republican government.
Therefore, the correct answer is A. James Madison.