Part 1: Similarities among the three Indus Valley civilizations:
Geography: The three civilizations (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal) were all located in the fertile floodplains of the Indus River and its tributaries. This geography provided them with access to water for agriculture, trade, and transportation.
Culture: The Indus Valley civilizations shared some cultural similarities, such as a script that is yet to be fully deciphered, the presence of complex urban planning and architecture, and a standardized system of weights and measures. They also had a similar belief system, which is evidenced by the presence of various religious symbols and artifacts.
Economies: The economies of these civilizations were primarily based on agriculture. They engaged in extensive farming, with the cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, and cotton. The Indus Valley people also engaged in trade, both within their own region and with other neighboring civilizations, which suggests a level of economic complexity.
Part 2: Differences among the three Indus Valley civilizations:
Geography: While all three civilizations were located in the Indus Valley, they were spread across different regions within it. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were situated in present-day Pakistan, while Lothal was located in modern-day India. This geographic separation may have led to some variation in environmental factors and resources available to each civilization.
Culture: Although there were cultural similarities, there were also some differences among the Indus Valley civilizations. Archaeological findings suggest variations in the style of pottery, seals, and figurines found at different sites. These differences could indicate variations in local artistic traditions or regional cultural practices.
Economies: The economies of the three civilizations might have differed in terms of specific trade routes, resources available, and specialized industries. Each civilization had its own unique economic characteristics based on their individual location and access to different natural resources.