Answer: C. By challenging consumerism and cultural conformity.
Explanation: Popular literature of the 1950s, such as the works of Jack Kerouac and J.D. Salinger, often depicted characters who rejected mainstream values and traditional societal expectations. These works emphasized individualism, non-conformity, and a rejection of consumerism, which resonated with young people who were disillusioned with post-World War II society. This rejection of cultural conformity and consumerism contributed to the rise of the antiestablishment counterculture of the 1960s, which sought to challenge traditional norms and values.