Final answer:
The Industrial Revolution brought about changes in society, including the emergence of adolescence, the breakdown of traditional preindustrial communities, the existence of poverty in wealthy countries, and the rationalization of decision making and bureaucracies.
Step-by-step explanation:
Industrialization during the Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes in society.
One of these changes was the emergence of adolescence as a distinct stage in the life course.
Before industrialization, children would transition directly from childhood to adulthood, but industrialization created a need for education and specific skills, leading to a prolonged stage of adolescence.
According to the structural functionalist view of Émile Durkheim, traditional preindustrial communities were held together by mechanical solidarity, which was based on shared values, norms, and social bonds.
However, industrialization led to the breakdown of these communities, and society shifted towards organic solidarity, which relies on the interdependence of individuals in a specialized division of labor.
Karl Marx, a conflict theorist, believed that wealthy industrialized countries have a large number of poor people because the capitalist system is inherently exploitative.
According to Marx, the bourgeoisie, who own the means of production, exploit the proletariat, the working class, by paying them low wages and extracting surplus value from their labor.
Max Weber, a symbolic interactionist, explained how social changes during the Industrial Revolution led to rational decision making and the creation of bureaucracies.
Weber believed that the rationalization of society increased efficiency and predictability, but it also came with negative consequences, such as the loss of meaning and the dominance of bureaucratic structures.