In 44 BCE, several major cities in various parts of the world were not under Roman control, including:
1. Athens: Although Athens had been conquered by the Romans in 146 BCE, it had regained its independence in 88 BCE during the Roman civil war and was not re-conquered by the Romans until 27 BCE.
2. Alexandria: Although Egypt was under Roman control by this time, the city of Alexandria, which was one of the largest and most important cities in the Mediterranean world, was not fully under Roman control until the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE.
3. Jerusalem: Jerusalem was under the control of the Hasmonean dynasty at this time, which was a Jewish state that had been established after the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire. It was not fully brought under Roman control until the First Jewish-Roman War in 66-73 CE.
4. Chang'an: Chang'an, which is now modern-day Xi'an in China, was the capital of the Han dynasty and was not under Roman control. Although there were some trade relations between the Han dynasty and the Roman Empire, there was no direct political control over each other's territories.
5. Teotihuacan: Teotihuacan was a major city in ancient Mesoamerica, located in what is now modern-day Mexico. It was not under Roman control, as there was no direct contact between the Roman Empire and the cultures of Mesoamerica at this time.