Final answer:
In scenario a, the income effect dominates. In scenario b and c, the substitution effect dominates. In scenario d, the substitution effect dominates.
Step-by-step explanation:
For scenario a, the income effect dominates as Edmond asks for more hours after being told he can only work as a shift manager. This is because his income has decreased due to the change in job position, and he seeks to compensate for the loss.
For scenario b, the substitution effect dominates as Veronica decides to work fewer hours after her wage is reduced. With the lower wage, leisure becomes relatively more expensive compared to income, leading her to choose less leisure.
For scenario c, the substitution effect dominates as Vlad decides to reduce his hours after his wage is increased. With the higher wage, income becomes relatively cheaper compared to leisure, leading him to choose less leisure.
For scenario d, the substitution effect dominates as Ashley decides to work more hours after receiving a raise. With the higher wage, leisure becomes relatively more expensive compared to income, leading her to choose less leisure and work more hours.