Final answer:
In the Birmingham campaign of 1963 led by Martin Luther King Jr., there was a strategy change from attempting to alter southern white attitudes to employing confrontation and civil disobedience, marking (option d) as the correct answer. This nonviolent approach was intended to directly challenge segregation and racist laws, engaging the public’s attention to the civil rights movement.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the Birmingham campaign of 1963, under the leadership of Martin Luther King Jr., there was a shift in civil rights strategy. This shift involved moving from efforts to change the attitudes of southern whites through gradualism and legal means to a more direct approach with confrontation and civil disobedience. This nonviolent resistance aimed to expose the injustices and inhumanity of segregation and racist practices both to the American public and the international community. The correct answer to the question is (option d) changing southern white attitudes to confrontation and civil disobedience.
King's strategy revolved around nonviolent civil disobedience, a method employed to showcase the African American struggle against racism and to appeal for equality. Despite the violence they often faced, such as the brutal response from police in Birmingham, the determination of the campaigners led to significant attention and traction for their cause. Both the boycotts and the written words from King, such as his famous 'Letter from a Birmingham Jail', echoed the immediacy of the civil rights movement's demands for justice.