Question

24. Which philosopher most exemplifies the kind of geneological analysis called for by many late modern critical criminologies?

A. Kant
B. Hegel
C. Nietzsche
D. Schopenhauer

25. The most influential criminologist in social control theory or crime control trends has been who?
A. Donald Black
B. Talcott Parsons
C. David Garland
D. Steven Box

26. What kind of crime(s) in broken windows theory can be said to have most inspired the theory itself along with the critical notion that the kind of policing called for is human sanitation engineering?
A. vandalism and panhandling
B. graffitti and littering
C. robbery and burglary
D. speeding and joyriding

27. Which of the following geometries of crime is most ontology-based?
A. Defensible space
B. Routine activities
C. Rural criminology
D. Opportunity theory

28. What can be said to be the “master concept” in all of criminology as it goes forward?
A. frustration
B. deprivation
C. modernization
D. emotionalization

29. What is the word in criminology which refers to a crime-free society?
A. anomia
B. dystopia
C. utopia
D. synomie

30. Criminologists are more concerned about how laws are enforced than with why crimes are committed.
A. True
B. False

Answer 1

24. C. Nietzsche
Many late modern critical criminologies call for a genealogical analysis of power structures and institutions, which involves tracing their historical development and exposing their underlying assumptions and values. Nietzsche's genealogical approach to morality and power has been influential in this regard.

25. C. David Garland
David Garland, a British sociologist, has been one of the most influential criminologists in the area of social control theory and crime control trends. His book "The Culture of Control" is considered a seminal work in the field.

26. B. Graffiti and littering
Broken windows theory suggests that visible signs of disorder, such as graffiti and littering, can create an environment that signals that social control has broken down, which in turn can lead to more serious crime. The theory suggests that policing should focus on addressing these minor offenses to prevent more serious crime from occurring.

27. A. Defensible space
Defensible space theory is based on the ontology of space and how it is used by individuals and communities. The theory suggests that the design and management of physical space can influence crime and social behavior.

28. B. Deprivation
Deprivation refers to the lack of access to resources and opportunities that can lead to frustration and social dislocation. It is considered a master concept in criminology because it can be used to explain a wide range of criminal behavior.

29. C. Utopia
Utopia refers to a hypothetical society in which crime does not exist. It is often used as a point of reference for criminologists to identify the causes and conditions that lead to criminal behavior in the real world.

30. B. False
While the enforcement of laws is an important aspect of criminology, understanding why crimes are committed is also a critical area of inquiry. Criminologists seek to understand the social, economic, and psychological factors that contribute to criminal behavior, as well as the effectiveness of different types of interventions and policies for preventing and reducing crime.

Answer 2

24. C. Nietzsche
Nietzsche's genealogical method, as outlined in his book "On the Genealogy of Morality," involves tracing the historical development of moral concepts and values, and uncovering the power struggles and conflicts that gave rise to them. This approach has been influential in many critical criminological theories that seek to uncover the power relations and social structures that underlie criminal behavior.

25. C. David Garland
David Garland is a British sociologist and criminologist who is best known for his work on the cultural and political dimensions of crime control. His book "The Culture of Control" is considered a seminal work in the field of criminology.

26. B. Graffiti and littering
The broken windows theory suggests that visible signs of disorder and neglect, such as graffiti and littering, can create an atmosphere of lawlessness and encourage more serious crime. The theory argues that by cracking down on minor offenses, police can create a sense of order and deter more serious crime.

27. A. Defensible space
Defensible space theory, developed by architect and urban planner Oscar Newman, is based on the idea that the physical design of urban spaces can either encourage or discourage crime. The theory argues that by creating spaces that are easily monitored and controlled by residents, crime can be reduced.

28. B. Deprivation
Deprivation, or the idea that crime is a response to social and economic inequalities, is a key concept in many criminological theories. It suggests that crime is a result of individuals or groups feeling that they are excluded from the benefits of society or that their legitimate needs are not being met.

29. C. Utopia
Utopia refers to an ideal or perfect society in which crime does not exist. While such a society may never be achievable, the concept of utopia is often used as a guiding principle for criminologists who seek to reduce crime and create safer communities.

30. B. False
While criminologists are certainly concerned with how laws are enforced, they are also deeply interested in understanding the social, economic, and psychological factors that lead individuals to commit crimes. In fact, many criminological theories seek to explain why crime occurs, rather than simply focusing on how it is punished or prevented.