Answer:
1. The "Double V" campaign was a slogan and movement during World War II that stood for "Victory at Home and Victory Abroad." It was used by African Americans to express their desire for a double victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. The campaign called for an end to racial discrimination, segregation, and lynching in the United States military, as well as the defense industry.
2. A. Philip Randolph was an African American leader who took steps to expand economic opportunities for African Americans in the defense industry during World War II. He founded the March on Washington Movement (MOWM), which aimed to pressure the federal government to desegregate the military and provide equal employment opportunities for African Americans in the defense industry.
3. Randolph organized a planned march on Washington, D.C. in 1941 to demand an end to racial discrimination in the defense industry and the armed forces. President Roosevelt responded by issuing Executive Order 8802, which banned racial discrimination in the defense industry and established the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) to enforce the order. The order did not end segregation in the military, but it did represent a significant step forward in the fight for civil rights and expanded economic opportunities for African Americans during the war.