Step-by-step explanation:
During IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) en route operations, an approved TSO-C129 or TSO-C196 GPS system can be used for navigation. The TSO (Technical Standard Order) is a set of minimum performance standards that equipment must meet to be considered suitable for use in aviation.
When using a TSO-C129 or TSO-C196 GPS system for navigation during IFR en route operations, the following requirements must be met:
1. The GPS system must be approved for IFR operations by the appropriate aviation regulatory authority, such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States.
2. The GPS system must be properly installed and certified in the aircraft, including any necessary antennas, displays, and control units.
3. The pilot must be properly trained and qualified to use the GPS system for navigation during IFR en route operations.
4. The pilot must comply with all relevant regulations and procedures, including maintaining situational awareness, monitoring system performance, and cross-checking GPS-derived position information with other available navigation sources.
It's important to note that while a TSO-C129 or TSO-C196 GPS system can be used for navigation during IFR en route operations, it is not a replacement for proper pilot training, situational awareness, and adherence to regulations and procedures. GPS systems can be subject to errors and outages, so pilots must be prepared to use alternate navigation sources if necessary.