Final answer:
The inheritance of chloroplasts and mitochondria through the cytoplasm of the egg is known as maternal inheritance, supported by the Endosymbiont Theory.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of extranuclear inheritance where chloroplasts and mitochondria are inherited through the cytoplasm is called maternal inheritance. This occurs because these organelles contain their own DNA, and since sperm contribute only nuclear DNA and not cytoplasm, all the cytoplasmic organelles are inherited from the egg, which is provided by the mother. This concept is a part of the Endosymbiont Theory, which describes how eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts from prokaryotic cells through a symbiotic relationship.
The extranuclear inheritance through the cytoplasm of the egg, where chloroplasts and mitochondria are inherited, is known as maternal inheritance. This means that mitochondria and chloroplasts are passed down exclusively from the mother to the offspring. As a result, traits encoded by mitochondrial DNA are maternally inherited. For example, mitochondrial DNA can be traced back through the female ancestors, including the mother and grandmother.