Final answer:
The research question, 'How has climate change affected the Arctic?', is an effective and focused question that can be answered through research.
Step-by-step explanation:
The research question, How has climate change affected the Arctic?, is an effective question that is answerable, consequential, and focused. This question focuses on the specific impact of climate change on the Arctic region, which allows for a clear and targeted research study. The question also has multiple potential answers, which makes it suitable for further investigation and analysis.