Answer:
b. anti-Catholic policy
Step-by-step explanation:
Kulturkampf was an anti-Catholic policy initiated by the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1871. The policy aimed to reduce the power of the Catholic Church in Germany, which was seen as a potential threat to the authority of the state. Bismarck implemented a range of measures designed to restrict the influence of the Catholic Church, including the expulsion of Jesuits and other Catholic orders, the establishment of state control over education and the church, and the imposition of restrictions on the Catholic press. The policy was deeply controversial and provoked significant opposition, both from Catholics and from other groups who saw it as an attack on religious freedom.