Question

Nationalism caused a change in loyalty from who to what?

Answer 1

The rise and spread of nationalism gave people a new sense of identity and also led to an increased sense of competition among nation-states.

Answer 2

Nationalism caused a change in loyalty from a particular ruler or monarch to a nation or country. People began to identify themselves more with their nation or country and developed a sense of pride and loyalty towards it, which sometimes led to conflicts with other nations or countries.