b. Monarchs of territorial states ruled distant hinterlands through widespread bureaucracies and elaborate legal codes.
Territorial states of the second millennium BCE differed from city-states of the previous millennium in several ways, but one of the most significant differences was the expansion of the state's territory and the increase in administrative control. Unlike the city-states of the previous millennium, territorial states were characterized by the presence of a powerful monarch who ruled over a large territory, often made up of different linguistic and ethnic groups.