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Which was NOT an independent variable in Petty, Cacioppo, and Goldman's (1981) study of attitudes toward comprehensive exams?

a) source expertise
b) quality of argument
c) personal relevance
d) participants' attitudes toward comprehensive exams

1 Answer

1 vote
d) Participants' attitudes toward comprehensive exams was NOT an independent variable in Petty, Cacioppo, and Goldman's (1981) study of attitudes toward comprehensive exams.
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