Answer:
If all other conditions remain constant, a rise in transpulmonary pressure would result in an increase in the amount of air entering or exiting the lungs.
The difference in pressure between the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs) and the pleural cavity (the space between the lungs and the chest wall) is referred to as transpulmonary pressure. This pressure gradient is in charge of maintaining the airways open and allowing gases to pass between the lungs and the blood.
During inhalation, the diaphragm and other muscles contract, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and decreasing the pressure inside the pleural cavity. The transpulmonary pressure rises, causing the lungs to expand and suck air into the airways.
The diaphragm and other muscles relax during exhale, causing the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease and the pressure inside the pleural cavity to drop. This causes the lungs to recoil and push air out of the airways, lowering the transpulmonary pressure.
As a result, a rise in transpulmonary pressure, such as during inhalation, increases the amount of air entering the lungs, whereas a drop in transpulmonary pressure, such as during expiration, decreases the volume of air exiting the lungs.