When matter and rock melt beneath the Earth's surface, they transform from a solid state to a liquid state due to increased temperature and pressure. The process of melting can be caused by a variety of factors, including the heat from magma or the friction generated by tectonic plates moving against each other. As the rock melts, it turns into magma, which is a mixture of molten rock, minerals, and gases.
The magma then rises towards the Earth's surface through cracks and fractures in the crust. As the magma cools and solidifies, it forms igneous rock. The type of igneous rock that forms depends on the composition of the magma, the cooling rate, and the pressure and temperature conditions at the time of solidification.
If the magma cools quickly, such as when it flows out onto the surface and solidifies as lava, it forms extrusive or volcanic igneous rocks such as basalt or rhyolite. If the magma cools slowly, such as when it solidifies deep underground, it forms intrusive or plutonic igneous rocks such as granite or gabbro.
In summary, the process of melting beneath the Earth's surface transforms solid rock into liquid magma, which then cools and solidifies to form igneous rock. The type of igneous rock that forms depends on various factors, including the composition of the magma and the cooling rate