Answer:
Realism is a philosophical approach emphasizing the existence of an objective reality that can be observed and studied through empirical methods. Different branches of realism include hard realism, soft realism, current realism, and common-sense realism (naturalized).
Hard Realism: Hard realism is the most extreme form of realism, asserting that the external world exists independently of our perception and that it can be known in its entirety. Hard realists believe that there is only one true reality and that our senses are reliable means of accessing it.
Soft Realism: Soft realism, also known as scientific realism, is a less extreme form of realism that acknowledges the existence of an external reality. However, it recognizes that our perception of it is limited by our subjective experience and scientific instruments. Soft realists believe that while our knowledge of reality is incomplete, it can be improved through scientific inquiry.
Current Realism: Current realism is a contemporary approach that combines elements of hard and soft realism. It acknowledges the existence of an external reality but recognizes that our perception of it is limited by our cognitive and linguistic abilities. Current realists emphasize the role of language and conceptual frameworks in shaping our understanding of reality.
Common-Sense Realism (Naturalized): Common-sense realism, also known as naive realism or naturalized realism, is the belief that the world we perceive through our senses is the same as the objective reality. This approach emphasizes the importance of our everyday experiences and the use of common-sense reasoning in understanding the world around us. However, common-sense realism acknowledges that our perceptions can be influenced by contextual and cultural factors.
Overall, these different branches of realism share the belief that there is an objective reality that can be studied through empirical methods. However, they differ in their approach to understanding the limitations of our perception and the role of language, culture, and context in shaping our understanding of reality.
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