1. Lowering the activation energy: Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur, making it easier for the reactant molecules to reach the transition state and form the product. This means that reactions can occur more quickly and with less energy input.
2. Increasing the collision frequency: Enzymes bring the reactant molecules closer together and in the right orientation, increasing the frequency of collisions between them. This increases the likelihood that the reactants will collide with sufficient energy and in the correct position to form the product.
3. Providing a microenvironment: Enzymes create a specific microenvironment within the active site where the reaction takes place. This microenvironment can stabilize the transition state of the reaction and reduce the energy required for the reaction to occur. It can also shield the reactants from water molecules that would interfere with the reaction, making the reaction more efficient.