Final answer:
The production of goosebumps is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation; it is a sympathetic response. The parasympathetic system is responsible for rest and digestion functions, including pupil constriction, increased digestion, and bladder contraction. So the correct option is D.
Step-by-step explanation:
The parasympathetic system is a component of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy and is often referred to as the "rest and digest" system. It is responsible for various physiological responses that are opposite to the sympathetic "fight or flight" responses.
Considering the options provided in the question:
- Constriction of the pupils is a parasympathetic response, as it is part of the rest and digest activities.
- Increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera is also a result of parasympathetic stimulation allowing digestion to proceed.
- Contraction of the bladder wall in urination is again a parasympathetic response to facilitate the emptying of the bladder.
- Production of goosebumps, however, is not a result of parasympathetic activity but rather a sympathetic one. Goosebumps are caused by the contraction of tiny muscles called arrector pili, in response to cold temperatures or emotional factors, and are a part of the sympathetic nervous system's functions.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question 'Which of these is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation?' would be D) production of goosebumps.