d. Unsuccessful trials.
Amy Edmondson argues that organizational failures can be characterized by three different types: system breakdowns, process deviations, and communication challenges. These three types of failures can occur in any organization, and it is essential to identify them to prevent them from happening again in the future. System breakdowns refer to failures in the organization's infrastructure or technology, while process deviations refer to failures in the organization's standard procedures. Communication challenges refer to failures in the flow of information between individuals or departments in the organization. However, unsuccessful trials are not one of the types of organizational failures that Edmondson identifies.