Step-by-step explanation:
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1. The Missouri Compromise was an agreement reached in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress. It allowed for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of free and slave states in the Union. The compromise also banned slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory above the 36°30' line.
2. The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850. The compromise allowed for the admission of California as a free state, abolished the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and established the territories of New Mexico and Utah with the question of slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty. The compromise also included a strict new Fugitive Slave Law.
3. In the Dred Scott v. Sanford case, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that slaves were not citizens of the United States and could not sue in federal court, and that Scott was not free despite having lived in a free state because he was the property of his owner. The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any federal territory.
4. The Battle of Antietam Creek (1862), the Battle of Gettysburg (1863), and the Siege of Vicksburg (1863) were three key battles of the American Civil War. The Battle of Antietam Creek is important because it was the bloodiest single day of the war and gave President Abraham Lincoln the victory he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The Battle of Gettysburg is important because it was the turning point of the war and marked the farthest advance of Confederate forces into Union territory. The Siege of Vicksburg is important because it gave the Union control of the Mississippi River and effectively split the Confederacy in two.
5. The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. The 14th Amendment granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves. The 15th Amendment prohibited denying the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Together, these amendments represented a significant step towards achieving civil rights and equality for African Americans in the United States.