Question 1
The two structures whose primary role is to carry out photosynthesis in plants are option d, palisade mesophyll cells and spongy mesophyll cells.
Palisade mesophyll cells are located in the upper part of the leaf and are responsible for most of the photosynthesis in plants. These cells contain many chloroplasts, which are the organelles responsible for capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Spongy mesophyll cells are located beneath the palisade mesophyll cells and also contain chloroplasts. These cells have a more loosely packed structure, which allows for the diffusion of gases, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, necessary for photosynthesis.
Stomata (option a) are pores located on the underside of leaves that allow for gas exchange, but they are not directly involved in photosynthesis. Cuticle (option b) is a waxy layer on the surface of leaves that helps reduce water loss, but it is not directly involved in photosynthesis either. Upper epidermis (option c) is a protective layer that covers the top of the leaf and does not directly carry out photosynthesis.
Question 2
The correct order of the terms from smallest to largest is option a, which is: seed, embryo, fruit.
A seed is the mature ovule of a plant that contains an embryo, which is the earliest stage of a young plant. The embryo is enclosed within the seed coat, which protects it during dormancy until it has a chance to germinate and grow into a mature plant.
A fruit, on the other hand, is a mature ovary of a flower that encloses seeds. It develops from the flower after pollination and fertilization and provides protection and nourishment to the developing seeds until they are ready for dispersal.
Therefore, the correct order from smallest to largest is seed, embryo, and fruit, which is listed in option a. Option b is incorrect because it lists fruit first, which is larger than the embryo and seed. Option c and d are also incorrect because they do not have the correct order from smallest to largest.
Question 3
Based on the information provided, option a, "Its flowers will likely be pollinated by insects," is the most likely statement to be true.
The fact that the female reproductive structures of the plant mature early in the morning when the flower first opens suggests that the plant is adapted for pollination by insects, which are typically most active during the day. The fact that the anthers do not produce pollen until late in the evening suggests that the plant is adapted to prevent self-pollination, which can occur if the plant's own pollen is released before the female reproductive structures are mature.
Option b, "Self-pollination is unlikely," is not necessarily true based on the information given, as it is possible for self-pollination to occur if the flower remains open long enough for the anthers to release pollen and for the pollen to reach the female reproductive structures.
Option c, "Self-pollination is highly likely," is not true based on the information given, as the plant appears to be adapted to prevent self-pollination.
Option d, "This flower is likely wind-pollinated," is unlikely based on the information given, as wind-pollinated flowers typically do not have specialized timing for reproductive structure maturation and pollen release, as they rely on wind to disperse pollen.
Question 4
The male gametes, also known as pollen grains, are produced by the anther in a flower.
The anther is a part of the male reproductive structures of the flower, called the stamen, and is typically located at the top of a long, slender stalk called the filament. The anther is made up of lobes or sacs that contain pollen grains, which are the male gametes. When the pollen is mature, the sacs split open to release the pollen grains into the air or onto an insect that will transport the pollen to the female reproductive structures of the flower.
Therefore, option b, "anther," is the correct answer to the question.