d. emigration rights
Designed primarily to protest Soviet restrictions on the USSR's Jewish population, the Jackson-Vanik Amendment (which passed unanimously in both houses of Congress) appealed to broadly shared American beliefs about freedom and mobility. At the same time, it united critics of détente from both sides of the political aisle. Conservatives who felt that Kissinger was accommodating the spread of communism joined liberals who felt that he was turning a blind eye to abuses of individual rights. The specific right of Soviet Jews to emigrate became a rallying cry and a launching pad for a number of political developments that emerged in the 1970s: renewed anti-communism, revived American Jewish identity, and a new global movement to hold national governments accountable to universal standards of human rights.