The word that applies to ALL types of sedimentary rock is deposition.
Sedimentary rocks are formed through the process of lithification, which involves the transformation of loose sediment into solid rock. This process includes two main stages: (1) deposition and (2) compaction and cementation.
Deposition refers to the accumulation of sediment on the Earth's surface, which can be caused by a variety of processes such as erosion, weathering, and transportation. As sediments accumulate, they form layers, or beds, which can eventually become compacted and cemented together to form sedimentary rocks.
Compaction, on the other hand, refers to the process by which the weight of overlying sediments causes the lower layers to become compressed and compacted. This process is an important part of the lithification of sedimentary rocks, but it does not apply to all types of sedimentary rock.
Weathering, meanwhile, refers to the breakdown and alteration of rocks and minerals on the Earth's surface, which can produce the loose sediments that eventually become sedimentary rocks. However, not all sedimentary rocks are formed from weathered material. For example, chemical sedimentary rocks such as limestone can form from the precipitation of minerals from water without involving any weathering processes.
Therefore, deposition is the word that applies to ALL types of sedimentary rock as it is the first and most fundamental step in their formation.