1. William the Conqueror's rule over the newly conquered England created a new kind of monarchy in several ways. Firstly, he centralized power in the hands of the monarch, making the king the ultimate authority over all aspects of governance. He also introduced the concept of royal justice, which allowed the king to act as the final arbiter in legal disputes. William also established the feudal system in England, which created a hierarchical structure of lords and vassals who owed loyalty and military service to the king. These changes helped to create a more centralized and powerful monarchy, which had a lasting impact on the development of English government.
2. The loss of Byzantium's power and Alexius's request for help can be attributed to several factors. One major factor was the decline of Byzantium's military power, which had once been one of the strongest in the world. This decline was due in part to the loss of key territories and the weakening of the empire's economy. Additionally, the rise of the Seljuk Turks in the 11th century had destabilized the region, leading to conflicts and the loss of territory for the Byzantines. Alexius's request for help from the West was also motivated by his desire to shore up his own power and defend the empire against further attacks. This request ultimately led to the First Crusade, which had both intended and unintended consequences for Byzantium and the wider world.