a. defy court-ordered integration
Many white Southerners were enraged by the Montgomery boycott, the Brown decision, and subsequent efforts to desegregate the South. Virginia senator Harry F. Byrd called for, and got, "massive resistance" to desegregation. In Congress, 101 lawmakers signed the Southern Manifesto, denouncing the Supreme Court ruling as a "clear abuse of judicial power" and pressing whites to defy court-ordered integration.