Question

In Mussolini’s article defining fascism (point 9), he argues that the rise of authoritarian states in Europe in the twentieth

century was inevitable.


“It is to be expected that this century may be a century of authority, a century of the "Right," a Fascist century. If the
nineteenth was the century of the individual it may be expected that this one may be the century of "collectivism" and
therefore the century of the State.”

Using what you have learned in Lesson 23, write a short essay in which you agree or disagree with this argument. Be sure to
include:

• What factors led to the rise of fascism and totalitarianism in Europe in the years after World War I? Cite specific historical
examples from at least two European countries.
• Was the rise of fascist and totalitarian governments in Europe inevitable? Why or why not?

Answer 1

The rise of fascism and totalitarianism in Europe in the years after World War I was mainly due to the economic and political instability caused by the war. Countries were left in shambles with inflation, unemployment, and political divisions. This led to the emergence of nationalist and populist movements that capitalized on people's despair and disillusionment with their governments. These movements promised order, stability, and a return to greatness, but they did so through extreme authoritarianism that led to the suppression of individual rights and freedoms.

In Italy, Mussolini's fascist regime emerged as a response to the economic crisis and political divisions. He promised to restore national pride and revive the economy through a strong state that would control all aspects of life. In Germany, Hitler's Nazi party used similar tactics, blaming the Jews and communists for their problems and promising to create a pure Aryan race that would dominate Europe. They used violence, propaganda, and the suppression of opposition to gain power.

The rise of fascism and totalitarianism in Europe was not inevitable. It was a product of specific historical circumstances that allowed these movements to gain traction. If the economic and political conditions had been different, it is possible that more democratic and inclusive movements could have emerged. However, the war and its aftermath created an environment that was ripe for populist and authoritarian movements to thrive.

In conclusion, the rise of fascism and totalitarianism in Europe was a result of the economic and political instability caused by World War I. These movements promised security and stability, but they did so through extreme authoritarianism that led to the suppression of individual rights and freedoms. While the rise of these movements was not inevitable, it was a product of specific historical circumstances that allowed them to gain power. It is important to learn from the mistakes of the past and work to create a more inclusive and democratic society that values individual rights and freedoms.