The Arrhenius model of acids and bases is limited in that it only considers substances that produce hydrogen ions (acids) or hydroxide ions (bases) when dissolved in water. This model does not account for the behavior of substances that do not produce these ions when dissolved in water, such as ammonia (NH3) or hydrogen fluoride (HF).
Therefore, the limitation of the Arrhenius model is that it cannot explain the basicity of ammonia or the acidity of hydrogen fluoride, which do not produce hydroxide or hydrogen ions, respectively, when dissolved in water.
So, the correct option is:
B).All bases and acids form water and hydroxide ions when dissolved.
correct option is not listed
A limitation of the Arrhenius model of acids and bases is that it only considers substances that produce hydrogen or hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions as acids or bases, respectively¹. The Arrhenius theory is limited in that it can only describe acid-base chemistry in aqueous solutions. Similar reactions can also occur in non-aqueous solvents, however, as well as between molecules in the gas phase³. Arrhenius could not explain why certain compounds do not contain hydroxide ions, despite displaying basic properties. For example, metal oxides and metal carbonates².