The two processes that explain how cells with the same genetic information can produce cells with unique structures and therefore functions are:
1. Cell differentiation: This is the process by which cells develop into specialized cell types with specific structures and functions. During differentiation, cells undergo changes in gene expression that allow them to develop into different types of cells, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, or skin cells. As a result, cells with the same genetic information can develop into different types of cells with unique structures and functions.
2. Epigenetic modifications: These are chemical modifications to DNA and the proteins associated with it that can influence gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications can be influenced by environmental factors, such as diet or exposure to toxins, and can be passed on from one generation of cells to the next. This can lead to changes in gene expression that allow cells to develop into different types with unique structures and functions, even if they have the same genetic information.