Answer:
The correct answer is "Darwinism."
Step-by-step explanation:
The late-nineteenth-century European philosophical belief that conflict and struggle led to progress was largely influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. This theory, first published in 1859, suggested that competition and struggle for limited resources were integral parts of the natural world, and that those individuals best adapted to their environments would survive and pass on their advantageous traits to their offspring.
Darwin's theory had a significant impact on many fields of study, including biology, psychology, and sociology, as well as philosophy. It provided a framework for understanding the natural world and human behavior that emphasized the role of competition and struggle in shaping both.
This emphasis on conflict and struggle as drivers of progress was reflected in the social and political movements of the late nineteenth century, including imperialism, nationalism, and socialism. These movements often saw conflict and struggle as necessary for achieving their goals, whether it was expanding national borders, overthrowing oppressive regimes, or creating more just and equitable societies.
In summary, Darwinism contributed most significantly to the late-nineteenth-century European philosophical belief that conflict and struggle led to progress.