c. Oil and electricity
During the second Industrial Revolution, which occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, steam power was gradually replaced by new sources of energy, namely oil and electricity. Oil became an important source of energy for transportation, especially after the invention of the internal combustion engine. Electricity, on the other hand, provided a more versatile and efficient form of power for industry, allowing for the widespread use of electric motors to power machinery. This shift to new sources of energy played a significant role in the rapid industrialization and economic growth that characterized this period.