Final answer:
The author creates irony in the text through the use of contrast and satire. This technique allows the author to criticize characters and institutions and engage readers in thinking about deeper meanings in the text.
Step-by-step explanation:
The author creates irony in the text through the use of contrast between what is expected and what actually happens. One way this is done is by ridiculing certain characters or institutions to criticize them. For example, in Charles Dickens' works, he often highlights the comical sides of characters he wants to criticize. This creates irony because it presents these characters in a humorous way while also making a critical point.
Irony can also be created through satire, which is a form of humor that is used to mock or criticize something. Jonathan Swift, the author of Gulliver's Travels, is a classic master of satire and humor. Satire uses irony to present a phenomenon in a way that makes readers laugh but also respond to the serious issue being addressed in the text.
Overall, irony is a literary technique that authors use to make a point and engage readers in thinking about deeper meanings in the text. It allows writers to be both funny and serious at the same time, challenging conventional expectations and drawing readers' interest.