Answer:
Social differentiation - This refers to the process by which individuals or groups are classified into different categories based on various characteristics such as occupation, income, education, ethnicity, gender, etc. In the passage, social differentiation can be seen in the mention of different social classes, such as the working class and the middle class.Hierarchy - Hierarchy refers to the ranking of individuals or groups in a society based on their status, power, or authority. The passage suggests the existence of a hierarchy, as it mentions the working class as being at the bottom of the social ladder, while the middle class is higher up.Inequality - Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and rewards among individuals or groups in a society. The passage implies that there is inequality, as it mentions the working class as being disadvantaged and having fewer opportunities compared to the middle class.Power - Power refers to the ability of individuals or groups to influence or control others. The passage suggests that power is unequally distributed, as the working class has less power than the middle class due to their social and economic status.Ideology - Ideology refers to the set of beliefs, values, and attitudes that shape the way individuals or groups perceive the world around them. The passage implies the existence of an ideology, as it suggests that people in different social classes have different beliefs and values that shape their perceptions of the world. For example, the working class may have different beliefs and values compared to the middle class, which may lead to different perceptions of social inequality and power dynamics.