Answer:
In the passage, Crothers argues that the concept of state sovereignty has been undermined by globalization, particularly in the areas of economics and human rights. This has led to a shift in the balance of power between the state and other actors, such as multinational corporations and non-governmental organizations.
Today, Crothers's argument continues to be relevant in international politics. With the rise of global trade and investment, multinational corporations have become increasingly powerful, often able to influence government policies and actions. The emergence of transnational issues, such as climate change and terrorism, has also challenged traditional notions of state sovereignty. As a result, international organizations, such as the United Nations, have become more influential in shaping global governance and policy-making.
(B) One historical situation that supports Crothers's argument is the European Union's response to the refugee crisis that began in 2015. During this time, the EU struggled to respond to the arrival of millions of refugees from Syria and other conflict zones. The crisis highlighted the limits of state sovereignty in the face of transnational issues, as individual EU member states were unable to manage the crisis on their own. Instead, the EU as a whole had to work together to address the issue and develop a common policy response.
(C) One way in which globalization during the Cold War differs from globalization in the late 20th century to the present is in the nature of the actors involved. During the Cold War, globalization was largely driven by states and intergovernmental organizations, such as the United States and the Soviet Union, who sought to spread their respective ideologies and spheres of influence. In contrast, globalization in the late 20th century to the present has been driven by a variety of actors, including multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and social movements, who have sought to shape global politics and policy-making in different ways. Additionally, globalization during the Cold War was largely limited to the political and military spheres, whereas globalization in the late 20th century has extended to the economic, cultural, and social spheres as well.