Answer: The correct answer is d. decreased surface area, reducing water loss.
Explanation: Conifers and pines have needle-like leaves that are adapted to reduce water loss. The needle shape helps to decrease the surface area of the leaf, reducing the amount of water that can be lost through transpiration. This adaptation is particularly important in environments where water is scarce, such as in arid and semi-arid regions.
By reducing the surface area of their leaves, conifers and pines are able to conserve water while still carrying out photosynthesis. The needles are also covered in a waxy cuticle that further reduces water loss and helps to protect the plant from environmental stresses.