Answer:
1. Infectious agents can be transferred through vertical or horizontal transfer. Vertical transfer occurs when an infectious agent is passed from a parent to offspring, while horizontal transfer occurs between individuals of the same or different species.
Examples of vertical transmission include:
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV: The human immunodeficiency virus can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding.
Vertical transmission of bacterial infections: Certain bacterial infections, such as group B streptococcus and chlamydia, can be passed from mother to baby during delivery.
Examples of horizontal transmission include:
Direct contact transmission: This occurs when an infectious agent is transferred from one person to another through physical contact. Examples include touching, kissing, or sexual contact.
Indirect contact transmission: This occurs when an infectious agent is transferred from one person to another through a contaminated object or surface. Examples include touching a doorknob or sharing utensils.
Airborne transmission: This occurs when an infectious agent is spread through the air and can be breathed in by another person. Examples include tuberculosis and influenza.
Vector-borne transmission: This occurs when an infectious agent is spread by a living organism, such as a mosquito or tick. Examples include malaria and Lyme disease.
2. Classification of water-related diseases and their preventive measures:
a. Caliciviruses: These viruses can cause gastroenteritis, a disease that is spread through contaminated food or water. Preventive measures include washing hands with soap and water, avoiding contaminated food or water, and properly cooking food.
b. Giardiasis: This is a parasitic infection that is spread through contaminated water. Preventive measures include boiling or filtering water, washing hands with soap and water, and avoiding swallowing water from lakes, rivers, or streams.
c. Hepatitis: This is a viral infection that can be spread through contaminated water or food. Preventive measures include vaccination, washing hands with soap and water, and avoiding contaminated food or water.
d. Japanese encephalitis: This is a viral infection that is spread by mosquitoes. Preventive measures include using mosquito repellent, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak mosquito hours.
e. Lymphatic filariasis: This is a parasitic infection that is spread by mosquitoes. Preventive measures include using mosquito repellent, wearing protective clothing, and taking medication to prevent infection.
f. Pseudomonas dermatitis: This is a skin infection that can be caused by exposure to contaminated water, such as in hot tubs or swimming pools. Preventive measures include avoiding sharing personal items, such as towels or razors, and properly maintaining hot tubs and swimming pools.
g. Trachoma: This is a bacterial infection that is spread through contact with infected eye secretions or flies. Preventive measures include washing hands with soap and water, avoiding contact with infected individuals, and controlling fly populations.
h. Typhoid fever: This is a bacterial infection that is spread through contaminated food or water. Preventive measures include vaccination, washing hands with soap and water, and avoiding contaminated food or water.