Final answer:
The absence of surface currents would lead to a significant change in Iceland's climate, likely making it much colder. Surface currents like the Gulf Stream are essential for distributing heat and maintaining the current climate of regions such as Iceland.
Step-by-step explanation:
If there were no surface currents affecting Iceland, the correct answer to what might occur for Iceland is d. Iceland's climate would change. Surface currents play a crucial role in the distribution of heat across the planet. The current that notably impacts Iceland's climate is the Gulf Stream, which is a warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico along the eastern coastlines of the United States and across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe, including reaching Iceland.
If this current were to cease, one likely result would be a significant cooling of Iceland's climate. This change could have profound effects on Iceland's weather patterns, ecosystems, and possibly even its human population. Without this warm current, Iceland could experience a climate more akin to that of Greenland or Northern Canada, which are at similar latitudes but are considerably colder due to lack of warm ocean current influence.
Surface currents are part of a larger global climate system that affects weather patterns, sea levels, and the habitability of regions around the world. Changes to this system can lead to a variety of outcomes, including short-term phenomena like melting of glaciers and unseasonal rainfall, or long-term consequences such as rising sea levels that can inundate coastal areas and islands, potentially leading to ecological changes and displacement of human populations.