The idea that social and economic conditions contribute to criminal behavior is a key concept in the field of criminology. This idea is often associated with the sociological theory of crime, which suggests that criminal behavior is influenced by social factors such as poverty, unemployment, and substandard living conditions.
In the case of Chicago during the early part of the 20th century, the high rates of unemployment, poor schools, and substandard housing in certain areas of the city could have contributed to higher rates of criminal behavior in those zones. These social and economic factors can create an environment in which criminal behavior is more likely to occur, as individuals may turn to illegal activities in order to survive or to improve their economic situation.
Furthermore, these conditions can also create a sense of social disorganization, where the breakdown of social institutions and the lack of social cohesion can lead to higher rates of criminal activity. This idea is often associated with the work of criminologist Robert Merton and his concept of "strain theory," which suggests that individuals who are unable to achieve socially accepted goals through legitimate means may turn to criminal behavior as a way to achieve those goals.
Overall, while social and economic conditions are not the only factors that contribute to criminal behavior, they are an important aspect of understanding why certain individuals or communities may be more likely to engage in illegal activities.