Answer:
(a) The expiration of the charter of the Second Bank of the United States in 1836 had significant effects on the history of banking. This bank had been established to regulate the currency and manage government funds, and its expiration led to a period of financial instability in the United States. Banks began to issue their own currency, leading to a proliferation of paper money and a lack of uniformity in the country's financial system.
(b) The Panic of 1907 had several effects on the history of banking. It exposed the weaknesses in the American banking system, leading to calls for reform and the establishment of the Federal Reserve System. The panic also led to a wave of bank failures, which further destabilized the economy and led to a contraction in credit.
(c) The Great Depression had a profound effect on the history of banking. The stock market crash of 1929 led to a wave of bank failures, as depositors panicked and withdrew their funds. The failure of banks further exacerbated the economic downturn, as businesses could not obtain credit and consumers could not access their savings. In response, the government established a number of programs and regulations to stabilize the banking system and prevent future financial crises. These included the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits and the Glass-Steagall Act, which separated commercial and investment banking.