Answer:
One effect of negative participant, spectator, and referee behavior on preventing nation-building efforts is that it can contribute to the breakdown of social cohesion and increase social divisions within a society.
For example, in sports events, if players or fans engage in actions that promote racism, sexism, or other forms of discrimination, this can create a hostile environment and cause individuals to feel unwelcome or excluded based on their identity. This can further deepen social divides and prevent the building of a shared national identity.
Additionally, if referees show bias towards certain teams or players, this can create a sense of unfairness and injustice that can fuel resentment and erode trust in institutions. This can also make it difficult for people to feel a sense of commonality with their fellow citizens, further hindering efforts to build a cohesive national identity.
In summary, negative participant, spectator, and referee behavior in sports and other events can undermine the efforts of nation-building by creating social divisions and eroding trust in institutions.
Step-by-step explanation: