Final answer:
Nonexclusionary time-out involves losing access to positive reinforcements within the environment while remaining in the space, whereas exclusionary time-out means physically removing the child from the environment. Both methods are forms of negative punishment used to decrease undesirable behavior.
Step-by-step explanation:
Nonexclusionary time-out is a type of behavior modification technique where a child is still within the environment, but they lose access to positive reinforcements within that setting. For example, a child may be made to sit quietly on the side and watch their peers play rather than participating themselves. This approach emphasizes the loss of positive reinforcement without physical removal from the space.
On the other hand, exclusionary time-out involves the physical removal of a child from the environment where the misbehavior occurred. Using the scenario of Sophia and Mario: Sophia, after being warned, throws blocks again, thus you physically relocate her to a different room for a few minutes. Upon returning, she refrains from throwing blocks, indicating the technique might have been effective.
Both methods operate on the principle of negative punishment, which is to reduce the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring by removing a desirable element from the child's situation.