Final answer:
Thoughts influenced by Pavlovian conditioning, like feeling happiness upon hearing a favourite song, exemplify classical conditioning. Operant conditioning involves learning through behavior consequences, such as training a pet with treats. Studying for an AP test to improve grades is an example of operant conditioning.
Step-by-step explanation:
An example of thoughts influenced by Pavlovian conditioning can be seen when you hear your favorite song on the radio and immediately feel a sense of happiness because the song is associated with a positive memory. This is known as classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (the song) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (the positive memory) that elicits an unconditioned response (feeling of happiness). After repeated associations, the neutral stimulus alone can elicit a conditioned response (happiness).
In contrast, operant conditioning differs as it involves learning through the consequences of behavior. For example, when training a pet to do a trick, you would give a treat (a reinforcement) after the pet performs the desired behavior. Over time, the pet learns to associate the behavior with the reward, and the likelihood of the behavior being repeated increases.
The type of conditioning that describes how you learned that studying likely will improve your grade on an AP test is operant conditioning, where the studying behavior (operant) is reinforced by the improved grade (consequence).
Classical conditioning is a fundamental mechanism by which many of our automatic and emotional responses to the world around us are shaped. It does not necessarily require multiple exposures for the association to be learned—it can sometimes occur with a single pairing of stimuli, depending on the strength of the unconditioned response.