Final answer:
Heterosexism refers to attitudes, bias, and discrimination favoring heterosexuality, systematically disadvantaging non-heterosexual people. Homophobia, which is an extreme aversion to LGBTQ individuals, contributes to this discrimination. Despite societal advancements, both continue to impact the LGBTQ community in various aspects of life.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that refers to stigmatizing anyone who is not heterosexual as 'queer' is b. Heterosexism. Heterosexism encompasses attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of heterosexuality. It is an ideology and set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations. It systematically disadvantages individuals who do not conform to heterosexual norms. Homophobia is an extreme or irrational aversion to LGBTQ people or to those perceived to be LGBTQ. It results in prejudice and discrimination, including exclusion from social groups, employment discrimination, and even violence.
The homophile movement was a mid-20th-century social movement in which gay and lesbian people challenged discriminatory practices and attitudes. Despite progress over the years, such as the repeal of 'don't ask, don't tell' and the Supreme Court decision outlawing employment discrimination based on sexual orientation, both homophobia and heterosexism persist in society, affecting access to healthcare, employment opportunities, and quality of life for LGBTQ individuals.